Previous
edit
finish
Next
--- title: Tech_Teams_by_Country_J --- ::: mw-parser-output -------------- -------- ------------------------- --- ------ ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- JAP - Japan 1900 T1900 Aichi 7 1930 1970 [![AER](/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Aeronautics.png "AER"){.image} [![CHE](/images/1/19/Chemistry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/19/Chemistry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Chemistry.png "CHE"){.image} [![TEC](/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Technical_efficiency.png "TEC"){.image} 1901 T1901 Hino Automobile 5 1930 1970 [![ART](/images/d/d8/Artillery.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/d8/Artillery.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Artillery.png "ART"){.image} [![ELE](/images/d/dd/Electronics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/dd/Electronics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Electronics.png "ELE"){.image} [![MCH](/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mechanics.png "MCH"){.image} 1902 T1902 Kawasaki Heavy Industry 8 1930 1970 [![AER](/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Aeronautics.png "AER"){.image} [![IND](/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Industrial_engineering.png "IND"){.image} [![MGT](/images/c/c7/Management.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/c/c7/Management.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Management.png "MGT"){.image} [![MCH](/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mechanics.png "MCH"){.image} [![NVE](/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_engineering.png "NVE"){.image} 1903 T1903 Kure Naval Yard 7 1930 1970 [![ELE](/images/d/dd/Electronics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/dd/Electronics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Electronics.png "ELE"){.image} [![NVA](/images/e/ea/Naval_artillery.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/e/ea/Naval_artillery.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_artillery.png "NVA"){.image} [![NVE](/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_engineering.png "NVE"){.image} [![TEC](/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Technical_efficiency.png "TEC"){.image} 1904 T1904 Mitsubishi Hikoki 8 1930 1970 [![AER](/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Aeronautics.png "AER"){.image} [![CHE](/images/1/19/Chemistry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/19/Chemistry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Chemistry.png "CHE"){.image} [![TEC](/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Technical_efficiency.png "TEC"){.image} 1905 T1905 Mitsubishi Jukogyo 5 1930 1970 [![ART](/images/d/d8/Artillery.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/d8/Artillery.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Artillery.png "ART"){.image} [![CHE](/images/1/19/Chemistry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/19/Chemistry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Chemistry.png "CHE"){.image} [![MGT](/images/c/c7/Management.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/c/c7/Management.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Management.png "MGT"){.image} [![MCH](/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mechanics.png "MCH"){.image} [![TEC](/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Technical_efficiency.png "TEC"){.image} 1906 T1906 Mitsubishi Zousensho 7 1930 1970 [![NVA](/images/e/ea/Naval_artillery.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/e/ea/Naval_artillery.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_artillery.png "NVA"){.image} [![NVE](/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_engineering.png "NVE"){.image} [![TEC](/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Technical_efficiency.png "TEC"){.image} 1907 T1907 Mitsui 6 1930 1970 [![CHE](/images/1/19/Chemistry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/19/Chemistry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Chemistry.png "CHE"){.image} [![ELE](/images/d/dd/Electronics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/dd/Electronics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Electronics.png "ELE"){.image} [![EQP](/images/2/20/General_equipment.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/20/General_equipment.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:General_equipment.png "EQP"){.image} [![IND](/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Industrial_engineering.png "IND"){.image} [![NVE](/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/0/09/Naval_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_engineering.png "NVE"){.image} 1908 T1908 Nakajima 6 1930 1970 [![AER](/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Aeronautics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Aeronautics.png "AER"){.image} [![ART](/images/d/d8/Artillery.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/d8/Artillery.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Artillery.png "ART"){.image} [![RKT](/images/5/51/Rocketry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/5/51/Rocketry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Rocketry.png "RKT"){.image} [![TEC](/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/9/9d/Technical_efficiency.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Technical_efficiency.png "TEC"){.image} 1909 T1909 Nissan 6 1930 1970 [![ELE](/images/d/dd/Electronics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/dd/Electronics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Electronics.png "ELE"){.image} [![IND](/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Industrial_engineering.png "IND"){.image} [![MCH](/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mechanics.png "MCH"){.image} 1910 T1910 Sumimoto 6 1930 1970 [![CHE](/images/1/19/Chemistry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/19/Chemistry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Chemistry.png "CHE"){.image} [![ELE](/images/d/dd/Electronics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/dd/Electronics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Electronics.png "ELE"){.image} [![EQP](/images/2/20/General_equipment.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/20/General_equipment.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:General_equipment.png "EQP"){.image} [![IND](/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Industrial_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Industrial_engineering.png "IND"){.image} 1911 T1911 Teiji Takagi 6 1930 1970 [![MTH](/images/7/79/Mathematics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Mathematics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mathematics.png "MTH"){.image} 1912 T1912 Tokyo Arsenal 5 1930 1970 [![ART](/images/d/d8/Artillery.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/d8/Artillery.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Artillery.png "ART"){.image} [![EQP](/images/2/20/General_equipment.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/20/General_equipment.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:General_equipment.png "EQP"){.image} [![TRA](/images/b/b1/Training.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/b1/Training.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Training.png "TRA"){.image} 1913 T1913 Yoshio Nishina 4 1930 1970 [![CHE](/images/1/19/Chemistry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/19/Chemistry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Chemistry.png "CHE"){.image} [![MTH](/images/7/79/Mathematics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Mathematics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mathematics.png "MTH"){.image} [![NUC](/images/0/05/Nuclear_engineering.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/0/05/Nuclear_engineering.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Nuclear_engineering.png "NUC"){.image} [![PHY](/images/a/a1/Nuclear_physics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Nuclear_physics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Nuclear_physics.png "PHY"){.image} 1914 T1914 Hideki Tojo 5 1930 1970 [![AIR](/images/8/87/Aircraft_testing.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/8/87/Aircraft_testing.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Aircraft_testing.png "AIR"){.image} [![BOM](/images/2/26/Bomber_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/26/Bomber_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Bomber_tactics.png "BOM"){.image} [![CEX](/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Centralized_execution.png "CEX"){.image} [![CRG](/images/3/38/Individual_courage.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/3/38/Individual_courage.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Individual_courage.png "CRG"){.image} [![LGT](/images/1/1d/Large_unit_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/1d/Large_unit_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Large_unit_tactics.png "LGT"){.image} 1915 T1915 Hisaichi Terauchi 6 1930 1970 [![CAF](/images/f/f8/Combined_arms_focus.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/f/f8/Combined_arms_focus.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Combined_arms_focus.png "CAF"){.image} [![DEX](/images/0/0d/Decentralized_execution.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/0/0d/Decentralized_execution.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Decentralized_execution.png "DEX"){.image} [![CRG](/images/3/38/Individual_courage.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/3/38/Individual_courage.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Individual_courage.png "CRG"){.image} [![LGT](/images/1/1d/Large_unit_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/1d/Large_unit_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Large_unit_tactics.png "LGT"){.image} [![TRA](/images/b/b1/Training.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/b1/Training.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Training.png "TRA"){.image} 1916 T1916 Isoruko Yamamoto 9 1930 1970 [![CAR](/images/e/e9/Carrier_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/e/e9/Carrier_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Carrier_tactics.png "CAR"){.image} [![CEX](/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Centralized_execution.png "CEX"){.image} [![LTF](/images/e/e7/Large_taskforce_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/e/e7/Large_taskforce_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Large_taskforce_tactics.png "LTF"){.image} [![NVT](/images/1/10/Naval_training.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/10/Naval_training.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_training.png "NVT"){.image} [![SEA](/images/2/22/Seamanship.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/22/Seamanship.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Seamanship.png "SEA"){.image} 1917 T1917 Osami Nagano 5 1930 1970 [![CEX](/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Centralized_execution.png "CEX"){.image} [![LTF](/images/e/e7/Large_taskforce_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/e/e7/Large_taskforce_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Large_taskforce_tactics.png "LTF"){.image} [![NVT](/images/1/10/Naval_training.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/10/Naval_training.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Naval_training.png "NVT"){.image} 1918 T1918 Shunroku Hata 6 1930 1970 [![AIR](/images/8/87/Aircraft_testing.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/8/87/Aircraft_testing.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Aircraft_testing.png "AIR"){.image} [![BOM](/images/2/26/Bomber_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/26/Bomber_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Bomber_tactics.png "BOM"){.image} [![CEX](/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Centralized_execution.png "CEX"){.image} [![PIL](/images/6/6b/Piloting.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/6/6b/Piloting.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Piloting.png "PIL"){.image} 1919 T1919 Tomoyoki Yamashita 7 1930 1970 [![AIR](/images/8/87/Aircraft_testing.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/8/87/Aircraft_testing.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Aircraft_testing.png "AIR"){.image} [![BOM](/images/2/26/Bomber_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/26/Bomber_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Bomber_tactics.png "BOM"){.image} [![CEX](/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Centralized_execution.png "CEX"){.image} [![CAF](/images/f/f8/Combined_arms_focus.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/f/f8/Combined_arms_focus.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Combined_arms_focus.png "CAF"){.image} [![SMT](/images/2/2f/Small_unit_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/2f/Small_unit_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Small_unit_tactics.png "SMT"){.image} 1920 T1920 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga 5 1941 1970 [![ELE](/images/d/dd/Electronics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/dd/Electronics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Electronics.png "ELE"){.image} [![MTH](/images/7/79/Mathematics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Mathematics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mathematics.png "MTH"){.image} [![PHY](/images/a/a1/Nuclear_physics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Nuclear_physics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Nuclear_physics.png "PHY"){.image} JOR - Jordan 15300 T9800 Amman Arsenal 2 1930 1970 [![ART](/images/d/d8/Artillery.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/d/d8/Artillery.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Artillery.png "ART"){.image} [![EQP](/images/2/20/General_equipment.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/20/General_equipment.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:General_equipment.png "EQP"){.image} [![MCH](/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mechanics.png "MCH"){.image} 15301 T15301 University of Jordan 1 1930 1970 [![CHE](/images/1/19/Chemistry.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/19/Chemistry.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Chemistry.png "CHE"){.image} [![MGT](/images/c/c7/Management.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/c/c7/Management.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Management.png "MGT"){.image} [![MTH](/images/7/79/Mathematics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/7/79/Mathematics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mathematics.png "MTH"){.image} [![MCH](/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/a/a1/Mechanics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Mechanics.png "MCH"){.image} 15302 T10401 Amman Military School 2 1930 1970 [![CEX](/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/bc/Centralized_execution.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Centralized_execution.png "CEX"){.image} [![LGT](/images/1/1d/Large_unit_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/1/1d/Large_unit_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Large_unit_tactics.png "LGT"){.image} [![SMT](/images/2/2f/Small_unit_tactics.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/2/2f/Small_unit_tactics.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Small_unit_tactics.png "SMT"){.image} [![TRA](/images/b/b1/Training.png){file-height="24" file-width="24" url="/images/b/b1/Training.png" decoding="async" height="24" loading="lazy" width="24"}](/wiki/File:Training.png "TRA"){.image} -------------- -------- ------------------------- --- ------ ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :::